Gambling card game

This article is about the gambling game. For the variant of Hearts called Black Jack, see Black Jack (Hearts). For the shedding-type card game sometimes called Black Jack, see Black Jack (Switch). For other uses, see Black Jack.

A 21 example, consisting of an Ace and a valued card
Alternative names	Twenty-One
Type	Comparing
Players	2+, usually 2–7
Skills required	Probability
Cards	52 to (one to eight card decks)
Deck	French
Play	Clockwise
Random chance	High
Pontoon, Twenty-One, Siebzehn und Vier, Vingt-et-Un

Blackjack (formerly Black Jack and Vingt-Un) is a casinobanking game.^[1]:&#;&#; The most widely played casino banking game in the world, it uses decks of 52 cards and descends from a global family of casino banking games known as Twenty-One. This family of card games also includes the British game of Pontoon and the European game, Vingt-et-Un.^[2] Blackjack players do not compete against each other. The game is a comparing card game where each player competes against the dealer.

History[edit]

Blackjack's immediate precursor was the English version of twenty-one called Vingt-Un, a game of unknown (but probably Spanish) provenance. The first written reference is found in a book by the Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes. Cervantes was a gambler, and the protagonists of his "Rinconete y Cortadillo", from Novelas Ejemplares, are card cheats in Seville. They are proficient at cheating at veintiuna (Spanish for "twenty-one") and state that the object of the game is to reach 21 points without going over and that the ace values 1 or The game is played with the Spanish baraja deck.

"Rinconete y Cortadillo" was written between and , implying that ventiuna was played in Castile since the beginning of the 17th century or earlier. Later references to this game are found in France and Spain.^[3]

The first record of the game in France occurs in and in Britain during the s and s, but the first rules appear in Britain in under the name of Vingt-Un.^[6] Twenty-One, still known then as Vingt-Un, appeared in the United States in the early s. The first American rules were an reprint of the English rules. English Vingt-Un later developed into an American variant in its own right which was renamed blackjack around

According to popular myth, when Vingt-Un ("Twenty-One") was introduced into the United States (in the early s, during the First World War, or in the s, depending on the source), gambling houses offered bonus payouts to stimulate players' interest. One such bonus was a ten-to-one payout if the player's hand consisted of the ace of spades and a black jack (either the jack of clubs or the jack of spades). This hand was called a "blackjack", and the name stuck even after the ten-to-one bonus was withdrawn.

French card historian Thierry Depaulis debunks this story, showing that prospectors during the Klondike Gold Rush (–99) gave the name blackjack to the game of American Vingt-Un, the bonus being the usual ace and any point card. Since 'blackjack' also refers to the mineral zincblende, which was often associated with gold or silver deposits, he suggests that the mineral name was transferred by prospectors to the top bonus hand. He was unable to find any historical evidence for a special bonus for having the combination of an ace with a black jack.

In September , Roger Baldwin, Wilbert Cantey, Herbert Maisel, and James McDermott published a paper titled The Optimum Strategy in Blackjack in the Journal of the American Statistical Association.^[10], the first mathematically sound optimal blackjack strategy. This paper became the foundation of future efforts to beat blackjack. Ed Thorp used Baldwin's hand calculations to verify the basic strategy and later published (in ) Beat the Dealer.^[11]

Rules of play at casinos[edit]

Initial deal

Player action

Dealer's hand revealed

Bets settled

At a blackjack table, the dealer faces five to nine playing positions from behind a semicircular table. Between one and eight standard card decks are shuffled together. To start each round, players place bets in the "betting box" at each position. In jurisdictions allowing back betting, up to three players can be at each position. The player whose bet is at the front of the betting box controls the position, and the dealer consults the controlling player for playing decisions; the other bettors "play behind". A player can usually control or bet in as many boxes as desired at a single table, but an individual cannot play on more than one table at a time or place multiple bets within a single box. In many U.S. casinos, players are limited to playing one to three positions at a table.

The dealer deals from their left ("first base") to their far right ("third base"). Each box gets an initial hand of two cards visible to the people playing on it. The dealer's hand gets its first card face up, and, in "hole card" games, immediately gets a second card face down (the hole card), which the dealer peeks at but only reveals when it makes the dealer's hand a blackjack. Hole card games are sometimes played on tables with a small mirror or electronic sensor used to peek securely at the hole card. In European casinos, "no hole card" games are prevalent; the dealer's second card is not drawn until the players have played their hands.

Dealers deal the cards from one or two handheld decks, from a dealer's shoe, or from a shuffling machine. Single cards are dealt to each wagered-on position clockwise from the dealer's left, followed by a single card to the dealer, followed by an additional card to each of the positions in play. The players' initial cards may be dealt face up or face down (more common in single-deck games).

The object of the game is to win money by creating card totals higher than those of the dealer's hand but not exceeding 21, or by stopping at a total in the hope that dealer will bust. On their turn, players choose to "hit" (take a card), "stand" (end their turn and stop without taking a card), "double" (double their wager, take a single card, and finish), "split" (if the two cards have the same value, separate them to make two hands), or "surrender" (give up a half-bet and retire from the game).

Number cards count as their number, the jack, queen, and king ("face cards" or "pictures") count as 10, and aces count as either 1 or 11 according to the player's choice. If the total exceeds 21 points, it busts, and all bets on it immediately lose.

After the boxes have finished playing, the dealer's hand is resolved by drawing cards until the hand achieves a total of 17 or higher (a dealer total of 17 including an ace valued as 11, also known as a "soft 17", must be drawn to in some games and must stand in others). The dealer never doubles, splits, or surrenders. If the dealer busts, all remaining player hands win. If the dealer does not bust, each remaining bet wins if its hand is higher than the dealer's and loses if it is lower.

A player total of 21 on the first two cards is a "natural" or "blackjack," and the player wins immediately unless dealer also has one, in which case the hand ties. In the case of a tie ("push" or "standoff"), bets are returned without adjustment. But a blackjack beats any hand that is not a blackjack, even one with a value of

Wins are paid out at even money, except for player blackjacks, which are traditionally paid out at 3 to 2 odds. Many casinos today pay blackjacks at less than This is common in single-deck blackjack games.^[12]

Blackjack games usually offer a side bet called insurance, which may be placed when the dealer's face up card is an ace. Additional side bets, such as "Dealer Match" which pays when the player's cards match the dealer's up card, are also sometimes available.

Player decisions[edit]

"Doubling Down" redirects here. For the South Park episode, see Doubling Down (South Park).

After the initial two cards, the player has up to five options: "hit", "stand", "double down", "split", or "surrender". Each option has a corresponding hand signal.

Signal: Scrape cards against table (in handheld games); tap the table with finger or wave hand toward body (in games dealt face up).

• Stand: Take no more cards; also known as "stand pat", "sit", "stick", or "stay".

Signal: Slide cards under chips (in handheld games); wave hand horizontally (in games dealt face up).

• Double down: Increase the initial bet by % and take exactly one more card. The additional bet is placed next to the original bet. Some games permit the player to increase the bet by amounts smaller than %. Non-controlling players may or may not double their wager, but they still only take one card.

Signal: Place additional chips beside the original bet outside the betting box and point with one finger.

• Split: Create two hands from a starting hand where both cards are the same value. Each new hand gets another card so that the player has two starting hands. This requires an additional bet on the second hand. The two hands are played out independently, and the wager on each hand is won or lost independently. In the case of cards worth 10 points, some casinos only allow splitting when the cards are the same rank. For example, could be split, but K could not. Doubling and re-splitting after splitting are often restricted. A valued card and an ace resulting from a split usually isn't considered a blackjack. Hitting split aces is often not allowed. Non-controlling players can opt to put up a second bet or not. If they do not, they only get paid or lose on one of the two post-split hands.

Signal: Place additional chips next to the original bet outside the betting box and point with two fingers spread into a V formation.

• Surrender: Forfeit half the bet and end the hand immediately. This option is only available at some tables in some casinos, and the option is only available as the first decision.

Signal: Spoken; there are no standard signals.

Hand signals help the "eye in the sky" make a video recording of the table, which resolves disputes and identifies dealer mistakes. It is also used to protect the casino against dealers who steal chips or players who cheat. Recordings can also identify advantage players. When a player's hand signal disagrees with their words, the hand signal takes precedence.

A hand can "hit" as many times as desired until the total is 21 or more. Players must stand on a total of After a bust or a stand, play proceeds to the next hand clockwise around the table. After the last hand is played, the dealer reveals the hole card and stands or draws according to the game's rules. When the outcome of the dealer's hand is established, any hands with bets remaining on the table are resolved (usually in counterclockwise order); bets on losing hands are forfeited, the bet on a push is left on the table, and winners are paid out.

Insurance[edit]

If the dealer shows an ace, an "insurance" bet is allowed. Insurance is a side bet that the dealer has a blackjack. The dealer asks for insurance bets before the first player plays. Insurance bets of up to half the player's current bet are placed on the "insurance bar" above player's cards. If the dealer has a blackjack, insurance pays 2 to 1. In most casinos, the dealer looks at the down card and pays off or takes the insurance bet immediately. In other casinos, the payoff waits until the end of the play.

In face-down games, if a player has more than one hand, they are allowed to look at all their hands before deciding. This is the only condition where a player can look at multiple hands.

Players with blackjack can also take insurance.

Insurance bets lose money in the long run. The dealer has a blackjack less than one-third of the time. In some games, players can also take insurance when a valued card shows, but the dealer has an ace in the hole less than one-tenth of the time.

The insurance bet is susceptible to advantage play. It is advantageous to make an insurance bet whenever the hole card has more than a one in three chance of being a ten. Card counting techniques can identify such situations.

Rule variations and effects on house edge[edit]

Note: where changes in the house edge due to changes in the rules are stated in percentage terms, the difference is usually stated here in percentage points, not percentage. For example, if an edge of 10% is reduced to 9%, it is reduced by one percentage point, not reduced by ten percent.

Doubling down. The third card is placed at right angles to signify that the player cannot receive any more cards.

Blackjack rules are generally set by regulations which establish permissible rule variations at the casino's discretion.^[13] Blackjack comes with a "house edge"; the casino's statistical advantage is built into the game. Most of the house's edge comes from the fact that the player loses when both the player and dealer bust. Blackjack players using basic strategy lose less than an average of 1% of their action over the long run, giving blackjack one of the lowest edges in the casino. The house edge for games where blackjack pays 6 to 5 instead of 3 to 2 increases by about %, though. Player deviations from basic strategy also increase the house edge.

Dealer hits soft 17

A "soft 17" in blackjack (an ace and any combination of 6)

Each game has a rule about whether the dealer must hit or stand on soft 17, which is generally printed on the table surface. The variation where the dealer must hit soft 17 is abbreviated "H17" in blackjack literature, with "S17" used for the stand-on-soft variation. Substituting an "H17" rule with an "S17" rule in a game benefits the player, decreasing the house edge by about %.

Number of decks

All things being equal, using fewer decks decreases the house edge. This mainly reflects an increased likelihood of player blackjack, since if the players draws a ten on their first card, the subsequent probability of drawing an ace is higher with fewer decks. It also reflects a decreased likelihood of blackjack-blackjack push in a game with fewer decks.

Casinos generally compensate by tightening other rules in games with fewer decks, in order to preserve the house edge or discourage play altogether. When offering single deck blackjack games, casinos are more likely to disallow doubling on soft hands or after splitting, to restrict resplitting, require higher minimum bets, and to pay the player less than for a winning blackjack.

The following table illustrates the mathematical effect on the house edge of the number of decks, by considering games with various deck counts under the following ruleset: double after split allowed, resplit to four hands allowed, no hitting split aces, no surrender, double on any two cards, original bets only lost on dealer blackjack, dealer hits soft 17, and cut-card used. The increase in house edge per unit increase in the number of decks is most dramatic when comparing the single deck game to the two-deck game, and becomes progressively smaller as more decks are added.

Late/early surrender

Surrender, for those games that allow it, is usually not permitted against a dealer blackjack; if the dealer's first card is an ace or ten, the hole card is checked to make sure there is no blackjack before surrender is offered. This rule protocol is consequently known as "late" surrender. The alternative, "early" surrender, gives player the option to surrender before the dealer checks for blackjack, or in a no hole card game. Early surrender is much more favorable to the player than late surrender.

For late surrender, however, while it is tempting to opt for surrender on any hand which will probably lose, the correct strategy is to only surrender on the very worst hands, because having even a one in four chance of winning the full bet is better than losing half the bet and pushing the other half, as entailed by surrendering.

Resplitting

If the cards of a post-split hand have the same value, most games allow the player to split again, or "resplit". The player places a further wager and the dealer separates the new pair dealing a further card to each as before. Some games allow unlimited resplitting, while others may limit it to a certain number of hands, such as four hands (for example, "resplit to 4").

Hit/resplit split aces

After splitting aces, the common rule is that only one card will be dealt to each ace; the player cannot split, double, or take another hit on either hand. Rule variants include allowing resplitting aces or allowing the player to hit split aces. Games allowing aces to be resplit are not uncommon, but those allowing the player to hit split aces are extremely rare. Allowing the player to hit hands resulting from split aces reduces the house edge by about %; allowing resplitting of aces reduces house edge by about %. Note that a ten-value card dealt on a split ace (or vice versa) will not be counted as a blackjack, but as a soft

No double after split

After a split, most games allow doubling down on the new two-card hands. Disallowing doubling after a split increases the house edge by about %.

Double on 9/10/11 or 10/11 only

Under the "Reno rule", double down is only permitted on hard totals of 9, 10, or 11 (under a similar European rule, only 10 or 11). Basic strategy would otherwise call for some doubling down with hard 9 and soft 13–18, and advanced players can identify situations where doubling on soft 19–20 and hard 8, 7 and even 6 is advantageous. The Reno rule prevents the player from taking advantage of double down in these situations and thereby increases the player's expected loss. The Reno rule increases the house edge by around 1 in 1,, and its European version by around 1 in

No hole card and OBO

In most non-U.S. casinos, a "no hole card" game is played, meaning that the dealer does not draw nor consult their second card until after all players have finished making decisions. With no hole card, it is almost never correct basic strategy to double or split against a dealer ten or ace, since a dealer blackjack will result in the loss of the split and double bets; the only exception is with a pair of aces against a dealer 10, where it is still correct to split. In all other cases, a stand, hit or surrender is called for. For instance, holding 11 against a dealer 10, the correct strategy is to double in a hole card game (where the player knows the dealer's second card is not an ace), but to hit in a no hole card game. The no hole card rule adds approximately % to the house edge.

The "original bets only" rule variation appearing in certain no hole card games states that if the player's hand loses to a dealer blackjack, only the mandatory initial bet ("original") is forfeited, and all optional bets, meaning doubles and splits, are pushed. "Original bets only" is also known by the acronym OBO; it has the same effect on basic strategy and house edge as reverting to a hole card game.^[14]

Altered payout for a winning blackjack

In many casinos, a blackjack pays only or even instead of the usual This is most common at tables with lower table minimums. Although this payoff was originally limited to single-deck games, it has spread to double-deck and shoe games. Among common rule variations in the U.S., these altered payouts for blackjack are the most damaging to the player, causing the greatest increase in house edge. Since blackjack occurs in approximately % of hands, the game increases the house edge by %, while the game adds % to the house edge. Video blackjack machines generally pay payout for a blackjack.^[12]

Dealer wins ties

The rule that bets on tied hands are lost rather than pushed is catastrophic to the player. Though rarely used in standard blackjack, it is sometimes seen in "blackjack-like" games such as in some charity casinos.

Blackjack strategy[edit]

Basic strategy[edit]

Each blackjack game has a basic strategy, the optimal method of playing any hand. When using basic strategy, the long-term house advantage (the expected loss of the player) is minimized.

An example of a basic strategy is shown in the table below, which applies to a game with the following specifications:^[15]

• Four to eight decks
• The dealer hits on a soft 17
• A double is allowed after a split
• Only original bets are lost on dealer blackjack

Key:

S = Stand

H = Hit

Dh = Double (if not allowed, then hit)

Ds = Double (if not allowed, then stand)

SP = Split

Uh = Surrender (if not allowed, then hit)

Us = Surrender (if not allowed, then stand)

Usp = Surrender (if not allowed, then split)

Most basic strategy decisions are the same for all blackjack games. Rule variations call for changes in only a few situations. For example, to use the table above on a game with the stand on soft 17 rule (which favors the player, and is typically found only at higher-limit tables today) only 6 cells would need to be changed: hit on 11 vs. A, hit on 15 vs. A, stand on 17 vs. A, stand on A,7 vs. 2, stand on A,8 vs. 6, and split on 8,8 vs. A. Regardless of the specific rule variations, taking insurance or "even money" is never the correct play under basic strategy.^[15]

Estimates of the house edge for blackjack games quoted by casinos and gaming regulators are based on the assumption that the players follow basic strategy.

Most blackjack games have a house edge of between % and 1%, placing blackjack among the cheapest casino table games for the player. Casino promotions such as complimentary match play vouchers or blackjack payouts allow the player to acquire an advantage without deviating from basic strategy.^[16]

Composition-dependent strategy[edit]

Basic strategy is based upon a player's point total and the dealer's visible card. Players can sometimes improve on this decision by considering the composition of their hand, not just the point total. For example, players should ordinarily stand when holding 12 against a dealer 4. But in a single deck game, players should hit if their 12 consists of a 10 and a 2. The presence of a 10 in the player's hand has two consequences:^[17]

• It makes the player's 12 a worse hand to stand on (since the only way to avoid losing is for the dealer to go bust, which is less likely if there are fewer 10s left in the shoe).
• It makes hitting safer, since the only way of going bust is to draw a 10, and this is less likely with a 10 already in the hand.

Even when basic and composition-dependent strategies lead to different actions, the difference in expected reward is small, and it becomes smaller with more decks. Using a composition-dependent strategy rather than basic strategy in a single deck game reduces the house edge by 4 in 10,, which falls to 3 in , for a six-deck game.^[18]

Advantage play[edit]

Main article: Advantage player

Blackjack has been a high-profile target for advantage players since the s. Advantage play is the attempt to win more using skills such as memory, computation, and observation. While these techniques are legal, they can give players a mathematical edge in the game, making advantage players unwanted customers for casinos. Advantage play can lead to ejection or blacklisting. Some advantage play techniques in blackjack include:

Card counting[edit]

Main article: Card counting

During the course of a blackjack shoe, the dealer exposes the dealt cards. Players can infer from their accounting of the exposed cards which cards remain. These inferences can be used in the following ways:

• Players can make larger bets when they have an advantage. For example, the players can increase the starting bet if many aces and tens are left in the deck, in the hope of hitting a blackjack.
• Players can deviate from basic strategy according to the composition of their undealt cards. For example, with many tens left in the deck, players might double down in more situations since there is a better chance of getting a good hand.

A card counting system assigns a point score to each rank of card (e.g., 1 point for 2–6, 0 points for 7–9 and −1 point for 10–A). When a card is exposed, a counter adds the score of that card to a running total, the 'count'. A card counter uses this count to make betting and playing decisions. The count starts at 0 for a freshly shuffled deck for "balanced" counting systems. Unbalanced counts are often started at a value which depends on the number of decks used in the game.

Blackjack's house edge is usually between %–1% when players use basic strategy.^[19] Card counting can give the player a house edge of up to minus 2%.^[20]:&#;5&#;

Card counting works best when few cards remain. This makes single-deck games better for counters. As a result, casinos are more likely to insist that players do not reveal their cards to one another in single-deck games. In games with more decks, casinos limit penetration by ending the shoe and reshuffling when one or more decks remain undealt. Casinos also sometimes use a shuffling machine to reintroduce the cards every time a deck has been played.

Card counting is legal unless the counter is using an external device,^{[20]:&#;6–7&#;} but a casino might inform counters that they are no longer welcome to play blackjack. Sometimes a casino might ban a card counter from the property.^[21]

The use of external devices to help counting cards is illegal throughout the United States.^[22]

Shuffle tracking[edit]

Main article: Shuffle tracking

Another advantage play technique, mainly applicable in multi-deck games, involves tracking groups of cards (also known as slugs, clumps, or packs) through the shuffle and then playing and betting according to when those cards come into play from a new shoe. Shuffle tracking requires excellent eyesight and powers of visual estimation but is harder to detect; shuffle trackers' actions are largely unrelated to the composition of the cards in the shoe.^[23]

Arnold Snyder's articles in Blackjack Forum magazine brought shuffle tracking to the general public. His book, The Shuffle Tracker's Cookbook, mathematically analyzed the player edge available from shuffle tracking based on the actual size of the tracked slug. Jerry L. Patterson also developed and published a shuffle-tracking method for tracking favorable clumps of cards and cutting them into play and tracking unfavorable clumps of cards and cutting them out of play.^[24][25][26]

Identifying concealed cards[edit]

The player can also gain an advantage by identifying cards from distinctive wear markings on their backs, or by hole carding (observing during the dealing process the front of a card dealt face down). These methods are generally legal although their status in particular jurisdictions may vary.^{[citation needed]}

[edit]

Many blackjack tables offer side bets on various outcomes including:^[27]

• Player hand and dealer's up card total 19, 20, or 21 ("Lucky Lucky")
• Player initial hand is a pair ("Perfect pairs")
• Player initial hand is suited, suited and connected, or a suited K-Q ("Royal match")
• Player initial hand plus dealer's card makes a flush, straight, or three-of-a-kind poker hand ("21+3")
• Player initial hand totals 20 ("Lucky Ladies")
• Dealer upcard is in between the value of the players two cards ("In Bet")
• First card drawn to the dealer will result in a dealer bust ("Bust It!")
• One or both of the players cards is the same as the dealers card ("Match the Dealer")

The side wager is typically placed in a designated area next to the box for the main wager. A player wishing to wager on a side bet is usually required to place a wager on blackjack. Some games require that the blackjack wager should equal or exceed any side bet wager. A non-controlling player of a blackjack hand is usually permitted to place a side bet regardless of whether the controlling player does so.

The house edge for side bets is generally higher than for the blackjack game itself.^[28] Nonetheless, side bets can be susceptible to card counting. A side count designed specifically for a particular side bet, can improve the player edge. Only a few side bets, like "Lucky Ladies", offer a sufficient win rate to justify the effort of advantage play.

In team play it is common for team members to be dedicated toward counting only a sidebet using a specialized count.

Blackjack tournaments[edit]

Blackjack can be played in tournament form. Players start with an equal numbers of chips; the goal is to finish among the top chip-holders. Depending on the number of competitors, tournaments may be held over several rounds, with one or two players qualifying from each table after a set number of deals to meet the qualifiers from the other tables in the next round. Another tournament format, Elimination Blackjack, drops the lowest-stacked player from the table at pre-determined points in the tournament. Good strategy for blackjack tournaments can differ from non-tournament strategy because of the added dimension of choosing the amount to be wagered. As in poker tournaments, players pay the casino an initial entry fee to participate in a tournament, and re-buys are sometimes permitted.

Video blackjack[edit]

Some casinos, as well as general betting outlets, provide blackjack among a selection of casino-style games at electronic consoles. Video blackjack game rules are generally more favorable to the house; e.g., paying out only even money for winning blackjacks. Video and online blackjack games generally deal each round from a fresh shoe (i.e., use an RNG for each deal), rendering card counting ineffective in most situations.^{[citation needed]}

Variants and related games[edit]

Blackjack is a member of family of traditional card games played recreationally worldwide. Most of these games have not been adapted for casino play. Furthermore, the casino game development industry actively produces blackjack variants, most of which are ultimately not adopted by casinos. The following are the most prominent and established variants in casinos.

• Spanish 21 provides players with liberal rules, such as doubling down any number of cards (with the option to rescue, or surrender only one wager to the house), payout bonuses for five or more card 21s, 6–7–8 21s, 7–7–7 21s, late surrender, and player blackjacks and player 21s always winning. The trade-off is having no 10s in the deck, although the jacks, queens, and kings are still there. An unlicensed version of Spanish 21 played without a hole card is found in Australian casinos under the name "Pontoon".
• 21st-Century Blackjack (or "Vegas Style" Blackjack) is found in California card rooms. In variations, a player bust does not always result in an automatic loss; depending on the casino, the player can still push if the dealer also busts. The dealer has to bust with a higher total, though.
• Double Exposure Blackjack deals the first two cards of the dealer's hand face up. Blackjacks pay even money, and players lose on ties. Also, players can neither buy insurance nor surrender.
• Double Attack Blackjack has liberal blackjack rules and the option of increasing one's wager after seeing the dealer's up card. This game is dealt from a Spanish shoe, and blackjacks only pay even money.
• Blackjack Switch is played over two hands, and the second card can be switched between hands. For example, if the player is dealt 10–6 and 5–10, then the player can switch two cards to make hands of 10–10 and 6–5. Natural blackjacks are paid instead of the standard , and a dealer 22 is a push.
• Super Fun 21 allows a player to split a hand up to four times. If the player has six cards totaling 20, they automatically win. Wins are paid

Examples of local traditional and recreational related games include French Vingt-et-un ("Twenty-One") and German Siebzehn und Vier ("Seventeen and Four"). Neither game allows splitting. An ace only counts as eleven, but two aces count as a blackjack. It is mostly played in private circles and barracks. The popular British member of the Vingt-Un family is called Pontoon, the name being probably a corruption of "Vingt-et-un".

Blackjack Hall of Fame[edit]

Main article: Blackjack Hall of Fame

In , professional gamblers around the world were invited to nominate great blackjack players for admission into the Blackjack Hall of Fame. Seven members were inducted in , with new people inducted every year after. The Hall of Fame is at the Barona Casino in San Diego. Members include Edward O. Thorp, author of the s book Beat the Dealer; Ken Uston, who popularized the concept of team play; Arnold Snyder, author and editor of the Blackjack Forum trade journal; and Stanford Wong, author and popularizer of "Wonging".

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

General literature[edit]

• Depaulis, Thierry (). "Dawson’s Game: Blackjack and the Klondike," in The Playing-Card, Journal of the International Playing-Card Society, Vol. 38, No. 4, ed. by Peter Endebrock, April–June , pages. Published by The International Playing-Card Society, ISSN
• Parlett, David (). A History of Card Games, OUP, Oxford. ISBN&#;X

Blackjack literature[edit]

• Beat the Dealer&#;: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One, Edward O. Thorp, , ISBN&#;
• Blackbelt in Blackjack, Arnold Snyder, (), ISBN&#;
• Blackjack and the Law, I. Nelson Rose and Robert A. Loeb, , ISBN&#;
• Blackjack: A Winner's Handbook, Jerry L. Patterson, , (), ISBN&#;
• Encyclopedia of Casino Twenty-One, Michael Dalton, , (), ISBN&#;
• Ken Uston on Blackjack, Ken Uston, , ISBN&#;
• Knock-Out Blackjack, Olaf Vancura and Ken Fuchs, , ISBN&#;
• Million Dollar Blackjack, Ken Uston, (), ISBN&#;
• Playing Blackjack as a Business, Lawrence Revere, (), ISBN&#;
• Professional Blackjack, Stanford Wong, (), ISBN&#;
• The Theory of Blackjack, Peter Griffin, (), ISBN&#;
• The World's Greatest Blackjack Book, Lance Humble and Carl Cooper, , ISBN&#;
• The Blackjack Life, Nathaniel Tilton, , ISBN&#;

Mathematics of blackjack[edit]

• Luck, Logic, and White Lies: The Mathematics of Games, Jörg Bewersdorff, , ISBN&#;, doi/, –, online supplement: Blackjack calculator (JavaScript)
• The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic, Richard A. Epstein, (), ISBN&#;, doi/C, –
• The Doctrine of Chances. Probabilistic Aspects of Gambling, Stewart Ethier, , ISBN&#;, doi/, –

External links[edit]

For over a century, slot machines have primarily been made in two basic formats. There are the three-reel slots that are typically seen as basic, traditional games, and which are still popular in electronic forms in land-based casinos today. Perhaps the more commonly-seen version today are five-reel games that offer more options and special features, and are typically offered as video machines.

However, some developers have experimented with alternative formats that challenge the idea that these two sizes must fit all slots players. One such idea is that of a six-reel machine, one that expands the possibilities for players and creators alike into new areas.

One More Column, Far More Possibilities

For many players, the number of symbols and rows that appear on a slot machine means very little. After all, the goals are almost always the same: make matching combinations that run from left to right across the machine on one or more paylines. Many gamblers don’t want to get caught up in the details beyond that point: as long as the machine tells them when they win, they’ll be happy to take their shots at winning a jackpot or finding their way into a bonus round.

But in reality, the number of rows and columns of symbols in a game has a lot to do with the style of play you’ll see on it. Put quite simply, adding more positions increases the amount of design space that developers can work with, offering them more options and presenting players with more complex gameplay. While 3-reel slots are simple, 5-reel creations can be devilishly complex – and, for some players, that means they can be a lot more fun.

6-reel slots take this even further, breaking open an even wider range of possibilities on each spin. It means that the biggest prizes can be awarded for combinations of six in a row, making them harder to achieve but also coming with bigger rewards. There can be more options in how wins can be created as well, including more paylines than you may be used to on smaller machines.

In summary, these games offer more of everything that slot players already love. While machines with even numbers of reels (as opposed to three, five or seven) can sometimes feel a bit awkward at first glance, there’s no particular reason why they can’t work just as well as more traditional forms, and some companies have come up with some great creations that utilize these formats.

Handful of Games Available Online

You aren’t likely to find a huge number of 6 reel slots in a brick-and-mortar casino, but these games have made a few appearances in the online world. While still overshadowed by the more common layouts we mentioned above, there are at least two notable titles that are worth taking a look at if you want to try something a bit different.

The first of these is the WMS Gaming machine known as Red Flag Fleet. Using a pirate theme with a Chinese twist, this game is different in a lot of ways, not the least of which is the “pyramid” layout it utilizes. While the first reel has just two symbol positions on it, this increases by one each time you move right, meaning that the sixth column has seven positions. The game uses an “all ways” format that means you’ll be playing lines on every spin. Add in a load of stacked symbols, and you have the potential for some massive wins each time you play.

Next up is Germinator, a game created by Microgaming. While getting sick is never fun, the germs on this machine are downright cute, and you probably won’t mind seeing them gang up on screen if it means making you some money. Featuring a six-by-six screen layout and a “Medi Bonus” round in which you can enjoy cascading wins, this is a great option for anyone who wants a unique look and feel while maintaining a more traditional layout on the screen.

We can’t promise that any more of these 6-reel slots will appear at Internet casinos anytime soon: while they don’t have any disadvantages over the more common game types, they also don’t come with many advantages, and developers will tend to mostly stick to the layouts they are familiar with as they take less tinkering to make them work. But if you’re itching for a change, these options are absolutely worth your time to seek out – you might just find that the bigger game space means more fun and more action then you’ve ever experienced!

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Gambling card game

This article is about the gambling game. For the variant of Hearts called Black Jack, see Black Jack (Hearts). For the shedding-type card game sometimes called Black Jack, see Black Jack (Switch). For other uses, see Black Jack.

A 21 example, consisting of an Ace and a valued card
Alternative names	Twenty-One
Type	Comparing
Players	2+, usually 2–7
Skills required	Probability
Cards	52 to (one to eight card decks)
Deck	French
Play	Clockwise
Random chance	High
Pontoon, Twenty-One, Siebzehn und Vier, Vingt-et-Un

Blackjack (formerly Black Jack and Vingt-Un) is a casinobanking game.^[1]:&#;&#; The most widely played casino banking game in the world, it uses decks of 52 cards and descends from a global family of casino banking games known as Twenty-One. This family of card games also includes the British game of Pontoon and the European game, Vingt-et-Un.^[2] Blackjack players do not compete against each other. The game is a comparing card game where each player competes against the dealer.

History[edit]

Blackjack's immediate precursor was the English version of twenty-one called Vingt-Un, a game of unknown (but probably Spanish) provenance. The first written reference is found in a book by the Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes. Cervantes was a gambler, and the protagonists of his "Rinconete y Cortadillo", from Novelas Ejemplares, are card cheats in Seville. They are proficient at cheating at veintiuna (Spanish for "twenty-one") and state that the object of the game is to reach 21 points without going over and that the ace values 1 or The game is played with the Spanish baraja deck.

"Rinconete y Cortadillo" was written between and , implying that ventiuna was played in Castile since the beginning of the 17th century or earlier. Later references to this game are found in France and Spain.^[3]

The first record of the game in France occurs in and in Britain during the s and s, but the first rules appear in Britain in under the name of Vingt-Un.^[6] Twenty-One, still known then as Vingt-Un, appeared in the United States in the early s. The first American rules were an reprint of the English rules. English Vingt-Un later developed into an American variant in its own right which was renamed blackjack around

According to popular myth, when Vingt-Un ("Twenty-One") was introduced into the United States (in the early s, during the First World War, or in the s, depending on the source), gambling houses offered bonus payouts to stimulate players' interest. One such bonus was a ten-to-one payout if the player's hand consisted of the ace of spades and a black jack (either the jack of clubs or the jack of spades). This hand was called a "blackjack", and the name stuck even after the ten-to-one bonus was withdrawn.

French card historian Thierry Depaulis debunks this story, showing that prospectors during the Klondike Gold Rush (–99) gave the name blackjack to the game of American Vingt-Un, the bonus being the usual ace and any point card. Since 'blackjack' also refers to the mineral zincblende, which was often associated with gold or silver deposits, he suggests that the mineral name was transferred by prospectors to the top bonus hand. He was unable to find any historical evidence for a special bonus for having the combination of an ace with a black jack.

In September , Roger Baldwin, Wilbert Cantey, Herbert Maisel, and James McDermott published a paper titled The Optimum Strategy in Blackjack in the Journal of the American Statistical Association.^[10], the first mathematically sound optimal blackjack strategy. This paper became the foundation of future efforts to beat blackjack. Ed Thorp used Baldwin's hand calculations to verify the basic strategy and later published (in ) Beat the Dealer.^[11]

Rules of play at casinos[edit]

Initial deal

Player action

Dealer's hand revealed

Bets settled

At a blackjack table, the dealer faces five to nine playing positions from behind a semicircular table. Between one and eight standard card decks are shuffled together. To start each round, players place bets in the "betting box" at each position. In jurisdictions allowing back betting, up to three players can be at each position. The player whose bet is at the front of the betting box controls the position, and the dealer consults the controlling player for playing decisions; the other bettors "play behind". A player can usually control or bet in as many boxes as desired at a single table, but an individual cannot play on more than one table at a time or place multiple bets within a single box. In many U.S. casinos, players are limited to playing one to three positions at a table.

The dealer deals from their left ("first base") to their far right ("third base"). Each box gets an initial hand of two cards visible to the people playing on it. The dealer's hand gets its first card face up, and, in "hole card" games, immediately gets a second card face down (the hole card), which the dealer peeks at but only reveals when it makes the dealer's hand a blackjack. Hole card games are sometimes played on tables with a small mirror or electronic sensor used to peek securely at the hole card. In European casinos, "no hole card" games are prevalent; the dealer's second card is not drawn until the players have played their hands.

Dealers deal the cards from one or two handheld decks, from a dealer's shoe, or from a shuffling machine. Single cards are dealt to each wagered-on position clockwise from the dealer's left, followed by a single card to the dealer, followed by an additional card to each of the positions in play. The players' initial cards may be dealt face up or face down (more common in single-deck games).

The object of the game is to win money by creating card totals higher than those of the dealer's hand but not exceeding 21, or by stopping at a total in the hope that dealer will bust. On their turn, players choose to "hit" (take a card), "stand" (end their turn and stop without taking a card), "double" (double their wager, take a single card, and finish), "split" (if the two cards have the same value, separate them to make two hands), or "surrender" (give up a half-bet and retire from the game).

Number cards count as their number, the jack, queen, and king ("face cards" or "pictures") count as 10, and aces count as either 1 or 11 according to the player's choice. If the total exceeds 21 points, it busts, and all bets on it immediately lose.

After the boxes have finished playing, the dealer's hand is resolved by drawing cards until the hand achieves a total of 17 or higher (a dealer total of 17 including an ace valued as 11, also known as a "soft 17", must be drawn to in some games and must stand in others). The dealer never doubles, splits, or surrenders. If the dealer busts, all remaining player hands win. If the dealer does not bust, each remaining bet wins if its hand is higher than the dealer's and loses if it is lower.

A player total of 21 on the first two cards is a "natural" or "blackjack," and the player wins immediately unless dealer also has one, in which case the hand ties. In the case of a tie ("push" or "standoff"), bets are returned without adjustment. But a blackjack beats any hand that is not a blackjack, even one with a value of

Wins are paid out at even money, except for player blackjacks, which are traditionally paid out at 3 to 2 odds. Many casinos today pay blackjacks at less than This is common in single-deck blackjack games.^[12]

Blackjack games usually offer a side bet called insurance, which may be placed when the dealer's face up card is an ace. Additional side bets, such as "Dealer Match" which pays when the player's cards match the dealer's up card, are also sometimes available.

Player decisions[edit]

"Doubling Down" redirects here. For the South Park episode, see Doubling Down (South Park).

After the initial two cards, the player has up to five options: "hit", "stand", "double down", "split", or "surrender". Each option has a corresponding hand signal.

Signal: Scrape cards against table (in handheld games); tap the table with finger or wave hand toward body (in games dealt face up).

• Stand: Take no more cards; also known as "stand pat", "sit", "stick", or "stay".

Signal: Slide cards under chips (in handheld games); wave hand horizontally (in games dealt face up).

• Double down: Increase the initial bet by % and take exactly one more card. The additional bet is placed next to the original bet. Some games permit the player to increase the bet by amounts smaller than %. Non-controlling players may or may not double their wager, but they still only take one card.

Signal: Place additional chips beside the original bet outside the betting box and point with one finger.

• Split: Create two hands from a starting hand where both cards are the same value. Each new hand gets another card so that the player has two starting hands. This requires an additional bet on the second hand. The two hands are played out independently, and the wager on each hand is won or lost independently. In the case of cards worth 10 points, some casinos only allow splitting when the cards are the same rank. For example, could be split, but K could not. Doubling and re-splitting after splitting are often restricted. A valued card and an ace resulting from a split usually isn't considered a blackjack. Hitting split aces is often not allowed. Non-controlling players can opt to put up a second bet or not. If they do not, they only get paid or lose on one of the two post-split hands.

Signal: Place additional chips next to the original bet outside the betting box and point with two fingers spread into a V formation.

• Surrender: Forfeit half the bet and end the hand immediately. This option is only available at some tables in some casinos, and the option is only available as the first decision.

Signal: Spoken; there are no standard signals.

Hand signals help the "eye in the sky" make a video recording of the table, which resolves disputes and identifies dealer mistakes. It is also used to protect the casino against dealers who steal chips or players who cheat. Recordings can also identify advantage players. When a player's hand signal disagrees with their words, the hand signal takes precedence.

A hand can "hit" as many times as desired until the total is 21 or more. Players must stand on a total of After a bust or a stand, play proceeds to the next hand clockwise around the table. After the last hand is played, the dealer reveals the hole card and stands or draws according to the game's rules. When the outcome of the dealer's hand is established, any hands with bets remaining on the table are resolved (usually in counterclockwise order); bets on losing hands are forfeited, the bet on a push is left on the table, and winners are paid out.

Insurance[edit]

If the dealer shows an ace, an "insurance" bet is allowed. Insurance is a side bet that the dealer has a blackjack. The dealer asks for insurance bets before the first player plays. Insurance bets of up to half the player's current bet are placed on the "insurance bar" above player's cards. If the dealer has a blackjack, insurance pays 2 to 1. In most casinos, the dealer looks at the down card and pays off or takes the insurance bet immediately. In other casinos, the payoff waits until the end of the play.

In face-down games, if a player has more than one hand, they are allowed to look at all their hands before deciding. This is the only condition where a player can look at multiple hands.

Players with blackjack can also take insurance.

Insurance bets lose money in the long run. The dealer has a blackjack less than one-third of the time. In some games, players can also take insurance when a valued card shows, but the dealer has an ace in the hole less than one-tenth of the time.

The insurance bet is susceptible to advantage play. It is advantageous to make an insurance bet whenever the hole card has more than a one in three chance of being a ten. Card counting techniques can identify such situations.

Rule variations and effects on house edge[edit]

Note: where changes in the house edge due to changes in the rules are stated in percentage terms, the difference is usually stated here in percentage points, not percentage. For example, if an edge of 10% is reduced to 9%, it is reduced by one percentage point, not reduced by ten percent.

Doubling down. The third card is placed at right angles to signify that the player cannot receive any more cards.

Blackjack rules are generally set by regulations which establish permissible rule variations at the casino's discretion.^[13] Blackjack comes with a "house edge"; the casino's statistical advantage is built into the game. Most of the house's edge comes from the fact that the player loses when both the player and dealer bust. Blackjack players using basic strategy lose less than an average of 1% of their action over the long run, giving blackjack one of the lowest edges in the casino. The house edge for games where blackjack pays 6 to 5 instead of 3 to 2 increases by about %, though. Player deviations from basic strategy also increase the house edge.

Dealer hits soft 17

A "soft 17" in blackjack (an ace and any combination of 6)

Each game has a rule about whether the dealer must hit or stand on soft 17, which is generally printed on the table surface. The variation where the dealer must hit soft 17 is abbreviated "H17" in blackjack literature, with "S17" used for the stand-on-soft variation. Substituting an "H17" rule with an "S17" rule in a game benefits the player, decreasing the house edge by about %.

Number of decks

All things being equal, using fewer decks decreases the house edge. This mainly reflects an increased likelihood of player blackjack, since if the players draws a ten on their first card, the subsequent probability of drawing an ace is higher with fewer decks. It also reflects a decreased likelihood of blackjack-blackjack push in a game with fewer decks.

Casinos generally compensate by tightening other rules in games with fewer decks, in order to preserve the house edge or discourage play altogether. When offering single deck blackjack games, casinos are more likely to disallow doubling on soft hands or after splitting, to restrict resplitting, require higher minimum bets, and to pay the player less than for a winning blackjack.

The following table illustrates the mathematical effect on the house edge of the number of decks, by considering games with various deck counts under the following ruleset: double after split allowed, resplit to four hands allowed, no hitting split aces, no surrender, double on any two cards, original bets only lost on dealer blackjack, dealer hits soft 17, and cut-card used. The increase in house edge per unit increase in the number of decks is most dramatic when comparing the single deck game to the two-deck game, and becomes progressively smaller as more decks are added.

Late/early surrender

Surrender, for those games that allow it, is usually not permitted against a dealer blackjack; if the dealer's first card is an ace or ten, the hole card is checked to make sure there is no blackjack before surrender is offered. This rule protocol is consequently known as "late" surrender. The alternative, "early" surrender, gives player the option to surrender before the dealer checks for blackjack, or in a no hole card game. Early surrender is much more favorable to the player than late surrender.

For late surrender, however, while it is tempting to opt for surrender on any hand which will probably lose, the correct strategy is to only surrender on the very worst hands, because having even a one in four chance of winning the full bet is better than losing half the bet and pushing the other half, as entailed by surrendering.

Resplitting

If the cards of a post-split hand have the same value, most games allow the player to split again, or "resplit". The player places a further wager and the dealer separates the new pair dealing a further card to each as before. Some games allow unlimited resplitting, while others may limit it to a certain number of hands, such as four hands (for example, "resplit to 4").

Hit/resplit split aces

After splitting aces, the common rule is that only one card will be dealt to each ace; the player cannot split, double, or take another hit on either hand. Rule variants include allowing resplitting aces or allowing the player to hit split aces. Games allowing aces to be resplit are not uncommon, but those allowing the player to hit split aces are extremely rare. Allowing the player to hit hands resulting from split aces reduces the house edge by about %; allowing resplitting of aces reduces house edge by about %. Note that a ten-value card dealt on a split ace (or vice versa) will not be counted as a blackjack, but as a soft

No double after split

After a split, most games allow doubling down on the new two-card hands. Disallowing doubling after a split increases the house edge by about %.

Double on 9/10/11 or 10/11 only

Under the "Reno rule", double down is only permitted on hard totals of 9, 10, or 11 (under a similar European rule, only 10 or 11). Basic strategy would otherwise call for some doubling down with hard 9 and soft 13–18, and advanced players can identify situations where doubling on soft 19–20 and hard 8, 7 and even 6 is advantageous. The Reno rule prevents the player from taking advantage of double down in these situations and thereby increases the player's expected loss. The Reno rule increases the house edge by around 1 in 1,, and its European version by around 1 in

No hole card and OBO

In most non-U.S. casinos, a "no hole card" game is played, meaning that the dealer does not draw nor consult their second card until after all players have finished making decisions. With no hole card, it is almost never correct basic strategy to double or split against a dealer ten or ace, since a dealer blackjack will result in the loss of the split and double bets; the only exception is with a pair of aces against a dealer 10, where it is still correct to split. In all other cases, a stand, hit or surrender is called for. For instance, holding 11 against a dealer 10, the correct strategy is to double in a hole card game (where the player knows the dealer's second card is not an ace), but to hit in a no hole card game. The no hole card rule adds approximately % to the house edge.

The "original bets only" rule variation appearing in certain no hole card games states that if the player's hand loses to a dealer blackjack, only the mandatory initial bet ("original") is forfeited, and all optional bets, meaning doubles and splits, are pushed. "Original bets only" is also known by the acronym OBO; it has the same effect on basic strategy and house edge as reverting to a hole card game.^[14]

Altered payout for a winning blackjack

In many casinos, a blackjack pays only or even instead of the usual This is most common at tables with lower table minimums. Although this payoff was originally limited to single-deck games, it has spread to double-deck and shoe games. Among common rule variations in the U.S., these altered payouts for blackjack are the most damaging to the player, causing the greatest increase in house edge. Since blackjack occurs in approximately % of hands, the game increases the house edge by %, while the game adds % to the house edge. Video blackjack machines generally pay payout for a blackjack.^[12]

Dealer wins ties

The rule that bets on tied hands are lost rather than pushed is catastrophic to the player. Though rarely used in standard blackjack, it is sometimes seen in "blackjack-like" games such as in some charity casinos.

Blackjack strategy[edit]

Basic strategy[edit]

Each blackjack game has a basic strategy, the optimal method of playing any hand. When using basic strategy, the long-term house advantage (the expected loss of the player) is minimized.

An example of a basic strategy is shown in the table below, which applies to a game with the following specifications:^[15]

• Four to eight decks
• The dealer hits on a soft 17
• A double is allowed after a split
• Only original bets are lost on dealer blackjack

Key:

S = Stand

H = Hit

Dh = Double (if not allowed, then hit)

Ds = Double (if not allowed, then stand)

SP = Split

Uh = Surrender (if not allowed, then hit)

Us = Surrender (if not allowed, then stand)

Usp = Surrender (if not allowed, then split)

Most basic strategy decisions are the same for all blackjack games. Rule variations call for changes in only a few situations. For example, to use the table above on a game with the stand on soft 17 rule (which favors the player, and is typically found only at higher-limit tables today) only 6 cells would need to be changed: hit on 11 vs. A, hit on 15 vs. A, stand on 17 vs. A, stand on A,7 vs. 2, stand on A,8 vs. 6, and split on 8,8 vs. A. Regardless of the specific rule variations, taking insurance or "even money" is never the correct play under basic strategy.^[15]

Estimates of the house edge for blackjack games quoted by casinos and gaming regulators are based on the assumption that the players follow basic strategy.

Most blackjack games have a house edge of between % and 1%, placing blackjack among the cheapest casino table games for the player. Casino promotions such as complimentary match play vouchers or blackjack payouts allow the player to acquire an advantage without deviating from basic strategy.^[16]

Composition-dependent strategy[edit]

Basic strategy is based upon a player's point total and the dealer's visible card. Players can sometimes improve on this decision by considering the composition of their hand, not just the point total. For example, players should ordinarily stand when holding 12 against a dealer 4. But in a single deck game, players should hit if their 12 consists of a 10 and a 2. The presence of a 10 in the player's hand has two consequences:^[17]

• It makes the player's 12 a worse hand to stand on (since the only way to avoid losing is for the dealer to go bust, which is less likely if there are fewer 10s left in the shoe).
• It makes hitting safer, since the only way of going bust is to draw a 10, and this is less likely with a 10 already in the hand.

Even when basic and composition-dependent strategies lead to different actions, the difference in expected reward is small, and it becomes smaller with more decks. Using a composition-dependent strategy rather than basic strategy in a single deck game reduces the house edge by 4 in 10,, which falls to 3 in , for a six-deck game.^[18]

Advantage play[edit]

Main article: Advantage player

Blackjack has been a high-profile target for advantage players since the s. Advantage play is the attempt to win more using skills such as memory, computation, and observation. While these techniques are legal, they can give players a mathematical edge in the game, making advantage players unwanted customers for casinos. Advantage play can lead to ejection or blacklisting. Some advantage play techniques in blackjack include:

Card counting[edit]

Main article: Card counting

During the course of a blackjack shoe, the dealer exposes the dealt cards. Players can infer from their accounting of the exposed cards which cards remain. These inferences can be used in the following ways:

• Players can make larger bets when they have an advantage. For example, the players can increase the starting bet if many aces and tens are left in the deck, in the hope of hitting a blackjack.
• Players can deviate from basic strategy according to the composition of their undealt cards. For example, with many tens left in the deck, players might double down in more situations since there is a better chance of getting a good hand.

A card counting system assigns a point score to each rank of card (e.g., 1 point for 2–6, 0 points for 7–9 and −1 point for 10–A). When a card is exposed, a counter adds the score of that card to a running total, the 'count'. A card counter uses this count to make betting and playing decisions. The count starts at 0 for a freshly shuffled deck for "balanced" counting systems. Unbalanced counts are often started at a value which depends on the number of decks used in the game.

Blackjack's house edge is usually between %–1% when players use basic strategy.^[19] Card counting can give the player a house edge of up to minus 2%.^[20]:&#;5&#;

Card counting works best when few cards remain. This makes single-deck games better for counters. As a result, casinos are more likely to insist that players do not reveal their cards to one another in single-deck games. In games with more decks, casinos limit penetration by ending the shoe and reshuffling when one or more decks remain undealt. Casinos also sometimes use a shuffling machine to reintroduce the cards every time a deck has been played.

Card counting is legal unless the counter is using an external device,^{[20]:&#;6–7&#;} but a casino might inform counters that they are no longer welcome to play blackjack. Sometimes a casino might ban a card counter from the property.^[21]

The use of external devices to help counting cards is illegal throughout the United States.^[22]

Shuffle tracking[edit]

Main article: Shuffle tracking

Another advantage play technique, mainly applicable in multi-deck games, involves tracking groups of cards (also known as slugs, clumps, or packs) through the shuffle and then playing and betting according to when those cards come into play from a new shoe. Shuffle tracking requires excellent eyesight and powers of visual estimation but is harder to detect; shuffle trackers' actions are largely unrelated to the composition of the cards in the shoe.^[23]

Arnold Snyder's articles in Blackjack Forum magazine brought shuffle tracking to the general public. His book, The Shuffle Tracker's Cookbook, mathematically analyzed the player edge available from shuffle tracking based on the actual size of the tracked slug. Jerry L. Patterson also developed and published a shuffle-tracking method for tracking favorable clumps of cards and cutting them into play and tracking unfavorable clumps of cards and cutting them out of play.^[24][25][26]

Identifying concealed cards[edit]

The player can also gain an advantage by identifying cards from distinctive wear markings on their backs, or by hole carding (observing during the dealing process the front of a card dealt face down). These methods are generally legal although their status in particular jurisdictions may vary.^{[citation needed]}

[edit]

Many blackjack tables offer side bets on various outcomes including:^[27]

• Player hand and dealer's up card total 19, 20, or 21 ("Lucky Lucky")
• Player initial hand is a pair ("Perfect pairs")
• Player initial hand is suited, suited and connected, or a suited K-Q ("Royal match")
• Player initial hand plus dealer's card makes a flush, straight, or three-of-a-kind poker hand ("21+3")
• Player initial hand totals 20 ("Lucky Ladies")
• Dealer upcard is in between the value of the players two cards ("In Bet")
• First card drawn to the dealer will result in a dealer bust ("Bust It!")
• One or both of the players cards is the same as the dealers card ("Match the Dealer")

The side wager is typically placed in a designated area next to the box for the main wager. A player wishing to wager on a side bet is usually required to place a wager on blackjack. Some games require that the blackjack wager should equal or exceed any side bet wager. A non-controlling player of a blackjack hand is usually permitted to place a side bet regardless of whether the controlling player does so.

The house edge for side bets is generally higher than for the blackjack game itself.^[28] Nonetheless, side bets can be susceptible to card counting. A side count designed specifically for a particular side bet, can improve the player edge. Only a few side bets, like "Lucky Ladies", offer a sufficient win rate to justify the effort of advantage play.

In team play it is common for team members to be dedicated toward counting only a sidebet using a specialized count.

Blackjack tournaments[edit]

Blackjack can be played in tournament form. Players start with an equal numbers of chips; the goal is to finish among the top chip-holders. Depending on the number of competitors, tournaments may be held over several rounds, with one or two players qualifying from each table after a set number of deals to meet the qualifiers from the other tables in the next round. Another tournament format, Elimination Blackjack, drops the lowest-stacked player from the table at pre-determined points in the tournament. Good strategy for blackjack tournaments can differ from non-tournament strategy because of the added dimension of choosing the amount to be wagered. As in poker tournaments, players pay the casino an initial entry fee to participate in a tournament, and re-buys are sometimes permitted.

Video blackjack[edit]

Some casinos, as well as general betting outlets, provide blackjack among a selection of casino-style games at electronic consoles. Video blackjack game rules are generally more favorable to the house; e.g., paying out only even money for winning blackjacks. Video and online blackjack games generally deal each round from a fresh shoe (i.e., use an RNG for each deal), rendering card counting ineffective in most situations.^{[citation needed]}

Variants and related games[edit]

Blackjack is a member of family of traditional card games played recreationally worldwide. Most of these games have not been adapted for casino play. Furthermore, the casino game development industry actively produces blackjack variants, most of which are ultimately not adopted by casinos. The following are the most prominent and established variants in casinos.

• Spanish 21 provides players with liberal rules, such as doubling down any number of cards (with the option to rescue, or surrender only one wager to the house), payout bonuses for five or more card 21s, 6–7–8 21s, 7–7–7 21s, late surrender, and player blackjacks and player 21s always winning. The trade-off is having no 10s in the deck, although the jacks, queens, and kings are still there. An unlicensed version of Spanish 21 played without a hole card is found in Australian casinos under the name "Pontoon".
• 21st-Century Blackjack (or "Vegas Style" Blackjack) is found in California card rooms. In variations, a player bust does not always result in an automatic loss; depending on the casino, the player can still push if the dealer also busts. The dealer has to bust with a higher total, though.
• Double Exposure Blackjack deals the first two cards of the dealer's hand face up. Blackjacks pay even money, and players lose on ties. Also, players can neither buy insurance nor surrender.
• Double Attack Blackjack has liberal blackjack rules and the option of increasing one's wager after seeing the dealer's up card. This game is dealt from a Spanish shoe, and blackjacks only pay even money.
• Blackjack Switch is played over two hands, and the second card can be switched between hands. For example, if the player is dealt 10–6 and 5–10, then the player can switch two cards to make hands of 10–10 and 6–5. Natural blackjacks are paid instead of the standard , and a dealer 22 is a push.
• Super Fun 21 allows a player to split a hand up to four times. If the player has six cards totaling 20, they automatically win. Wins are paid

Examples of local traditional and recreational related games include French Vingt-et-un ("Twenty-One") and German Siebzehn und Vier ("Seventeen and Four"). Neither game allows splitting. An ace only counts as eleven, but two aces count as a blackjack. It is mostly played in private circles and barracks. The popular British member of the Vingt-Un family is called Pontoon, the name being probably a corruption of "Vingt-et-un".

Blackjack Hall of Fame[edit]

Main article: Blackjack Hall of Fame

In , professional gamblers around the world were invited to nominate great blackjack players for admission into the Blackjack Hall of Fame. Seven members were inducted in , with new people inducted every year after. The Hall of Fame is at the Barona Casino in San Diego. Members include Edward O. Thorp, author of the s book Beat the Dealer; Ken Uston, who popularized the concept of team play; Arnold Snyder, author and editor of the Blackjack Forum trade journal; and Stanford Wong, author and popularizer of "Wonging".

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

General literature[edit]

• Depaulis, Thierry (). "Dawson’s Game: Blackjack and the Klondike," in The Playing-Card, Journal of the International Playing-Card Society, Vol. 38, No. 4, ed. by Peter Endebrock, April–June , pages. Published by The International Playing-Card Society, ISSN
• Parlett, David (). A History of Card Games, OUP, Oxford. ISBN&#;X

Blackjack literature[edit]

• Beat the Dealer&#;: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One, Edward O. Thorp, , ISBN&#;
• Blackbelt in Blackjack, Arnold Snyder, (), ISBN&#;
• Blackjack and the Law, I. Nelson Rose and Robert A. Loeb, , ISBN&#;
• Blackjack: A Winner's Handbook, Jerry L. Patterson, , (), ISBN&#;
• Encyclopedia of Casino Twenty-One, Michael Dalton, , (), ISBN&#;
• Ken Uston on Blackjack, Ken Uston, , ISBN&#;
• Knock-Out Blackjack, Olaf Vancura and Ken Fuchs, , ISBN&#;
• Million Dollar Blackjack, Ken Uston, (), ISBN&#;
• Playing Blackjack as a Business, Lawrence Revere, (), ISBN&#;
• Professional Blackjack, Stanford Wong, (), ISBN&#;
• The Theory of Blackjack, Peter Griffin, (), ISBN&#;
• The World's Greatest Blackjack Book, Lance Humble and Carl Cooper, , ISBN&#;
• The Blackjack Life, Nathaniel Tilton, , ISBN&#;

Mathematics of blackjack[edit]

• Luck, Logic, and White Lies: The Mathematics of Games, Jörg Bewersdorff, , ISBN&#;, doi/, –, online supplement: Blackjack calculator (JavaScript)
• The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic, Richard A. Epstein, (), ISBN&#;, doi/C, –
• The Doctrine of Chances. Probabilistic Aspects of Gambling, Stewart Ethier, , ISBN&#;, doi/, –

External links[edit]

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